Har’a balfi pilaastikii toonii 250 000 ol ta’u bishaan galaanota addunyaa irra bololi’a. Galaanni Paasifikii kutaa bishaanii walakkaa lafaa kaabaa keessatti hunda caalaa faalame jedhamee tilmaamama; walakkaa lafaa kibbaa keessatti garuu Galaanni Hindii Paasifikii fi Atlaantikii walitti qabaman caalaa xuraa’aa ta’uun argameera. Kanuma waliin, Paasifikiin galaana lafa irratti balfa pilaastikiitiin hunda caalaa faalame jedhamee ibsama. Faalamni pilaastikii dhiibbaa bubbeewwanii fi yaa’awwan bishaanii ijoo jala galaanota addunyaa hunda keessatti socho’a. Kun walakkaa lafaa kaabaa keessatti agarsiifameera: bishaanii fi, akkuma kanaan, balfi waggoota hedduuf yeroo dheeraa socho’uun giddugala qodaa galaanotaa keessatti balfi pilaastikii akka kuufamu taasisa. Haalli wal fakkaatu galaanota walakkaa lafaa kibbaa hundaaf mirkanaa’eera. Kan nama dinqisiisu, baay’inni waliigalaa pilaastikii galaanota walakkaa lafaa kibbaatiif murtaa’e daangaa baay’inaa isa galaanota walakkaa lafaa kaabaa wajjin tokko keessa jira. Madda pilaastikiin ittiin galu walakkaa lafaa kaabaa keessatti kibba caalaa baay’ee hedduu ta’uu isaa yoo ilaalle, kun waan hin eegamne dha. Kana jechuun oomishoonni pilaastikii yaa’awwan galaanaa gidduuttii fi walakkaawwan lafaa gidduutti kan duraan yaadame caalaa salphaatti socho’u, deebi’anii qoodamu jechuudha.

Haa ta’u malee, dhumni maaykiroopilaastikii bololi’uu fuula galaanaa irratti miti. Fuula galaanaa irratti maaykiroopilaastikiin hanga eegamu caalaa baay’ee xiqqaa ta’uun mul’achuun, adeemsi tokko tokko balfa pilaastikii fuula bishaanii irraa kaasuu isaa agarsiisa. Isaan keessaa raadiyeeshinii ultraavaayoleetiin diigamuu, lubbu-qabeeyyiin diigamuu, lubbu-qabeeyyiin liqimfamuu, lubbu-qabeeyyiin irra guddachuu irraa kan ka’e dandeettii bololi’uu hir’achuu fi gara jalaatti liqimfamuu, akkasumas gara qarqaraatti darbamuu jiru.

Balfi pilaastikii adeemsa fiizikaalaa fi keemikaalaa, jechuun kan lubbu-qabeeyyii hin hirmaachisne, yookaan diigama lubbu-qabeeyyiin raawwatamuun diigamuu danda’a. Meeshaan poolimarii humnoota fiizikaalaa amala makaanikaa qabaniin caccabuun yeroo baay’ee tarkaanfii jalqabaa adeemsa diigamaa kam keessatti illee gahee murteessaa qabu jedhamee ilaalama. Pilaastikiin naannoo keessatti mala ijoo afur keessaa tokkoon yookaan walitti makama isaaniitiin diigamuu danda’a: diigama ifaan raawwatamu, haayidirooliisisii, diigama ho’aa fi oksideeshiniin raawwatamu, fi diigama lubbu-qabeeyyiin raawwatamu. Haala uumamaa keessatti, fakkeenyaaf naannoo galaanaa keessatti, diigamni pilaastikoota baramoo kan akka poliietiliinii cufama ol’aanaa fi gadi aanaa qabuu fi poolipiroopiliinii (LDPE, HDPE, PP), diigama ifaatiin, irra caalaa raadiyeeshinii UV-B tiin jalqaba. Sana booda oksideeshinii ho’aatiin, akkasumas hamma xiqqaadhaan bishaaniin diigamuu, jechuun haayidirooliisisiin, itti fufa.

Qorannoon haaraan saayintistoota Dhaabbata Qorannoo Galaanaa Woods Hole tiin maxxanfame, poolistaayiriiniin (PS), pilaastikoota addunyaa irratti baay’inaan argaman keessaa tokko, ifa aduutiin waggoota kudhan-kudhaniin yookaan jaarraawwan keessatti diigamuu akka danda’u agarsiisa; akka duraan yaadame waggoota kumaatama keessatti miti. Gosa pilaastikichaa irratti hundaa’uun, poolistaayiriiniin gartokkoon diigamuuf waggoota 10-50 qofa barbaada. Oksideeshiniin isaa footoo-keemikaalaa guutuun immoo waggoota 300-450 keessatti danda’ama. Ifni aduu pilaastikii qaamaan caccabsuu qofa osoo hin taane, keemikaalaan gara kaarboonii orgaanikii bulbulamee fi kaarboon daayoksaayidii xiqqoo gara qilleensaatti galutti diiga.

Adeemsonni diigamaa pilaastikiin gara kutaa xixiqqootti akka caccabu fi ulfaatinni molakiyuulii poolimarootaa akka hir’atu taasisu. Sana booda maaykiroobonni wantoota ulfaatina molakiyuulii xiqqaa qaban kana jijjiirama nyaataa isaanii keessatti fayyadamuu danda’u. Haala kam keessatti illee adeemsi guutuun yeroo baay’ee baay’ee suuta waan deemuf, lubbu-qabeeyyiin biroon poolimaroota pilaastikii guutumaan guutuutti diiguuf waggoota 50 ol barbaachisuu danda’a.

Kompaawundoonni uumamaa fi namtolchee walxaxoon hedduun gosoota maaykiroobii dhuunfaatiin osoo hin taane, hawaasa maaykiroobota walitti makamaniin diigamu. Kunis dandeettiin jijjiirama nyaataa lubbu-qabeeyyii dhuunfaa daangeffamaa ta’uu isaa waliin kan walqabatu ta’uu mala. Kanaaf, balfi pilaastikii, rakkoolee naannoo ijoo hawaasa ammayyaa mudatan keessaa tokko, gareewwan lubbu-qabeeyyii adda addaa walitti qabuun caalaatti gahumsaan diigamuu danda’a jedhanii tilmaamuun ni danda’ama. Diigamni pilaastikii lubbu-qabeeyyiin raawwatamu irra caalaa meeshaalee poolimarii qilleensi hin jirretti maaykiroobota ana’eeroobikiitiin gara baayoogaasii fi baayoomaasiitti jijjiiruu jechuudha. Maaykiroobonni kun poolimaroota akka madda kaarboonii guddina isaaniif gahumsaan fayyadamuu danda’u. Haa ta’u malee, uumamni pilaastikii mataan isaa fi amaloonni isaa fiizikaalaa-keemikaalaa addaa diigama kana danqu, akka bu’uura guddinaaf dadhabaa ta’u taasisa.

Diigamni balfa pilaastikii lubbu-qabeeyyiin raawwatamu, sansalanni poolimarii inzaayimiin gara kompaawundoota ulfaatina molakiyuulii xiqqaa qaban, kan akka oligoomarootaa, daayimarootaa fi monoomarootaatti cituun jalqaba. Kun inzaayimiin poolimaricha waliin walqabatee, bishaaniin cituu isaa, jechuun haayidirooliisisii, kakaasuun (saffisiisuun) raawwatama. Adeemsi kun kompaawundoonni xixiqqoon sun gara kaarboon daayoksaayidii fi bishaaniitti jijjiiramuun xumurama. Baakteeriyaan, fangasiin fi algeen lubbu-qabeeyyii poolimaroota pilaastikii diiguu danda’an, gahumsa qaban ta’uun gabaafameera.

Fangasiin meeshaalee poolimarii diiguu keessatti gahee ijoo qaba. Maayiseeliyamiin fangasii fuula isaanii keessaa gara keessa qaama meeshaatti gahumsaan seenuun meeshaa bu’uuraa kana hanga danda’ametti baay’inaan diiguu danda’a. Kana malees, maayiseeliyamiin inzaayimoota seelii alatti hojjetan, fakkeenyaaf diipoolimareezota, gadhiisuu fi meeshaa poolimarii gara oligoomarootaatti, daayimarootaatti fi monoomarootaatti, jechuun kutaa ulfaatina molakiyuulii xiqqaa qabutti, caccabsuu danda’a. Sana booda fangasiin monoomaroota kana fudhatee, of keessatti fayyadama yookaan sirna inzaayimii seelii keessaa isaatiin gara kaarboon daayoksaayidii fi bishaaniitti jijjiira. Kallattii kanaan, fangasiin tortoruu adii fi bunaa fidan yeroo baay’ee akka diigdoota gahumsa qaban kan wantoota poolimarii pilaastikiitti ibsamu.

Akkasuma, gosoonni baakteeriyaa wantoota poolimarii pilaastikii bishaan yookaan biyyee faalame keessatti diiguu danda’u. Qorannoowwan hedduun pilaastikii baakteeriyaa adda ta’aniin diiguun, sirna ikoloojii faalame lubbu-qabeeyyiin qulqulleessuuf mala abdachiisaa ta’uu akka danda’u gabaasaniiru. Gosoonni baakteeriyaa kan akka Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp. fi Streptomyces spp. poolimaroota pilaastikii garaagaraa diiguuf gahumsa ol’aanaa agarsiisu. Haala kam keessatti illee saffisni pilaastikii fangasiin diiguu isa baakteeriyaan argame caala. Gama biraatiin garuu barreessitoonni tokko tokko baakteeriyaa guddisuu fi isaaniin meeshaalee poolimarii diiguun, fangasii haala caalaatti tasgabbaa’aa barbaadan waliin walbira qabamee, salphaa ta’uu gabaasu.

Hanga ammaatti qorannoowwan muraasni qofti gosoonni algee faalama balfa pilaastikii hir’isuu akka danda’an gabaasaniiru. Argannoon kun, sababoota naannoo kan akka ifa aduu, soorataa fi bishaanii guddina algeetiif murteessoo ta’an argamuudhaan, algeen bifa fo’aa qaban fuula balfa pilaastikii irratti qubachuu danda’uu isaanii ilaallata. Gosoonni algee miidhaa hin qabne fi summii hin qabne muraasni gareewwan Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae fi Cyanophyceae keessaa, fuula poliietiliinii irratti guddachuu fi bakka bishaanii faalame kan akka haroo xixiqqaa, haroo guddaa fi bishaan balfaa keessatti baayoofilmii algee uumuu akka danda’an mirkanaa’eera. Kana ilaalchisee, barreessitoonni Phormidium lucidum fi Oscillatoria subbrevis, saayinoobaakteeriyaa bishaan mi’aawaa summii hin qabne, salphaatti adda baafamanii fi saffisaan guddatan, fuula PE irratti tuuta uumuu fi HDPE qophii duraa tokko malee gahumsaan diiguu akka danda’an gabaasu.

Dabalataan, gosoonni baakteeriyaa fi fangasii tokko tokko, kan akka Ideonella sakaiensis fi Pestalotiopsis microspore, inzaayimii PETase argachuuf itti fayyadaman, naannoo jireenyaa galaanaa balfi pilaastikii irra caalaan itti kuufamutti gaarii hin madaqan. Algee daayatoomii Phaeodactylum tricornutum akka warshaa maaykiroobii PETase fooyya’aa oomishuuf milkaa’inaan fayyadamuun agarsiifameera. PETase kun PET fi koopoolimarii PETG (poliietiliin tereftaaleetii gilaayikooliin fooyya’e) irratti hojii qaba.

Akkasumas bineensonni lafee dugdaa hin qabne hedduun poolimaroota diiguu akka danda’an mirkanaa’eera. Isaan keessaa raammoo guddaa Zophobas atratus, billaacha halkanii daakuu Hindii Plodia interpunctella, billaacha halkanii gagaa guddaa Galleria mellonella, ilmoo raammoo daakuu Tenebrio molitor, billaacha halkanii gagaa xiqqaa Achroia grisella, qola-qabeeyyii suuta deeman kan lafa gubbaa (Achatina fulica), mixii adii fi bineensota lafee dugdaa hin qabne biroo jiru. Dandeettiin addaa poolimaroota pilaastikii diiguu kun yeroo baay’ee maaykiroobota mar’imaan isaanii keessatti waliin jiraatanitti ramadama. Sababni isaas, gosoonni bineensota lafee dugdaa hin qabne tokko tokko mukaan yookaan kompaawundoota poolimarii biroodhaan nyaachuuf dandeettii kan qaban hirmaannaa maaykiroobota kanaatiini.

Pilaastikiin amaloota addaa isaatiin itti fayyadama bal’aa argateera; kanaaf meeshaalee jireenya keenya keessatti baay’ee barbaachisoo ta’an keessaa tokko jedhamee ilaalama. Haa ta’u malee, miidhaan balfa pilaastikii itti fayyadama isaa fi naannoo keessatti kuufama isaa wajjin wal madaala. Kanaaf, amaloonni meeshaalee pilaastikii maaykiroobonni isaan diiguu yookaan fuula isaanii irratti qubachuu qofaaf illee qormaata dhugaa dha. Qorattoonni hedduun diigama pilaastikii lubbu-qabeeyyiin raawwatamu keessatti maaykiroobonnii fi bineensonni lafee dugdaa hin qabne hedduun hirmaachuu isaanii hubataniiru; kunis adeemsa diigama meeshaa kanaa keessatti gahee bu’uuraa isaanii agarsiisa.

Kana irratti hundaa’uun, saayintistoonni ogeeyyiin gahee fi barbaachisummaa balfa pilaastikii dursee fiizikaalaan fi/yookaan keemikaalaan qopheessuu cimsanii ibsu. Kun tarkaanfii jalqabaa fi barbaachisaa yeroo baay’ee poolimaroonni pilaastikii maaykiroobonniin akka diigamaniif haal-duree ta’u dha. Maaykiroobonni, algeen, ilbiisonni pilaastikii nyaatanii fi gosoonni bineensota lafee dugdaa hin qabne biroon gara fuulduraatti diigama pilaastikii keessatti gahee barbaachisaa taphachuu danda’u. Qorannoowwan balfi pilaastikii naannoo keessatti kuufamuu akka dhaabbatuuf, teeknooloojii naannoo hin miine, gahumsa qabu fi gatii xiqqaa baasuun balfa pilaastikii ittiin bulchanii fi diigan uumuu yaada dhiyeessu.

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Kun barruu fayyadamaan dhiheesse dha. Odeeffannoon dogoggora qabaachuu ykn yeroon isaa darbe ta’uu danda’a.